Borneo of Kutai

* Kinabalu
Kinabalu may refer to any of several Malaysian geographical names: Kota Kinabalu , the capital of the Malaysian state of Sabah. ...
301 B (37 words) - 05:15, 21 April 2009
* Mount Kinabalu
Mount Kinabalu (Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent mountain in Southeast Asia . It is located in Kinabalu National Park (a World Heritage ...
16 KB (2,341 words) - 08:59, 13 April 2010
* Kinabalu National Park
Kinabalu National Park or Taman Negara Kinabalu in Malay , established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is ...
5 KB (686 words) - 12:51, 28 February 2010
* Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ; 亚庇, formerly Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah state in Malaysia . It is also the capital of the West ...
52 KB (7,798 words) - 20:03, 5 April 2010
* Kota Kinabalu International Airport
Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) BKI | WBKK serves the city of Kota Kinabalu , the state capital of Sabah , Malaysia . ...
18 KB (2,406 words) - 13:45, 12 April 2010
* Kinabalu giant red leech
The Kinabalu giant red leech is a large (≤30 cm long) bright orange-red coloured leech that is endemic to Mount Kinabalu , Borneo . ...
2 KB (251 words) - 08:35, 24 April 2008
* Kinabalu giant earthworm
The Kinabalu giant earthworm, Pheretima darnleiensis, is a grey-blue coloured peregrine annelid native to Mount Kinabalu , Borneo and ...
2 KB (225 words) - 03:50, 31 May 2009
* Kinabalu Squirrel
The Kinabalu Squirrel (Callosciurus baluensis) is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family. It is endemic to Malaysia . References ...
1 KB (118 words) - 23:49, 26 January 2010
* Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu
Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu (DBKK) or Kota Kinabalu City Hall is the city council which administers the city and district of Kota ...
1 KB (165 words) - 18:44, 18 August 2009
* Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre
Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre is the only remains of 24 hectares of mangrove forest that once existed extensively along the coastal region of ...
5 KB (651 words) - 18:12, 18 August 2009
* Kinabalu Horned Frog
The Kinabalu Horned Frog (Xenophrys baluensis) is a species of amphibian in the Megophryidae family. It is endemic to Malaysia . ...
1 KB (110 words) - 01:45, 23 May 2008
* La Salle Secondary School, Kota Kinabalu
La Salle School, Kota Kinabalu (Malay : Sekolah Menengah La Salle Kota Kinabalu) is a co-educational secondary school for boys and girls ...
7 KB (1,017 words) - 00:13, 15 March 2010
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu (Lat: Archdioecesis Kotakinabaluensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman ...
3 KB (344 words) - 04:21, 25 August 2009
* Kota Kinabalu City Mosque
The Kota Kinabalu City Mosque is the second main mosque in Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia after State Mosque . Kota Kinabalu as city status. ...
607 B (58 words) - 13:42, 17 December 2009
* Nepenthes × kinabaluensis (redirect from Kinabalu Pitcher-Plant)
or the Kinabalu Pitcher-Plant is the natural hybrid between N. rajah and N. villosa . Kambarangoh on Mount Kinabalu , Borneo by Lilian ...
6 KB (829 words) - 22:50, 24 March 2010
* Kota Kinabalu West Coast Parkway
Kota Kinabalu West Coast Parkway or Lebuhraya Pantai Barat Kota Kinabalu is a major highway in Kota Kinabalu city, Sabah , Malaysia ...
2 KB (177 words) - 21:18, 20 March 2010
* Bornean Leafbird (redirect from Kinabalu Leafbird)
The Bornean Leafbird (Chloropsis kinabaluensis), also known as the Kinabalu Leafbird, is a species of bird in the Chloropseidae family. ...
2 KB (199 words) - 20:19, 13 October 2009
* Layang-Layang (Mount Kinabalu)
Layang-Layang (Dusun for Place of Swallows) is the name of an area of Mount Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia , where the Mesilau Trail meets ...
313 B (34 words) - 06:56, 3 November 2009
* Sabah
The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu , formerly known as Jesselton . Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah ...
53 KB (7,470 words) - 23:07, 14 April 2010
* Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road (redirect from Jalan Kinabalu)
(Jalan Shaw) and Federal Route 1 (Jalan Kuching, Jalan Sultan Hisamuddin (Victory Avenue), Jalan Kinabalu and Jalan Maharajalela (Jalan Birch). ...
15 KB (1,245 words) - 21:15, 20 March 2010

Studies have shown that trees contribute as much as 27% of the appraised land value in certain markets.[36]
Basic tree values (varies by region)[37] diameter
(inches) value
(1985 US$)
10 $1,729
14 $3,388
18 $5,588
26 $11,682
30 $15,554

These most likely use diameter measured at breast height, 4.5 feet (140 cm) above ground—not the larger base diameter. A general model for any year and diameter is Value = 17.27939*( diameter ^2)*1.022^( year -1985) assuming 2.2% inflation per year.[38] (Note, the right side of this equation is written to paste into Excel or Google to perform the calculation.) Extrapolations from any model can cause problems, so tree value estimates for diameters larger than 30 inches might have to be capped so trees do not not exceed 27% of the total appraised property value.

International standards are uniform in analyzing damage potential and sizing TPZs (tree protection zones) to minimize damage. For mature to fully mature trees, the accepted TPZ comprises a 1.5-foot set-off for every 1-inch diameter of trunk. That means for a 10-inch tree, the TPZ would extend 15-feet in all directions from the base of the trunk at ground level.

For young/small trees with minimal crowns (and trunks less than 4-inches in diameter) a TPZ equal to 1-foot for every inch of trunk diameter may suffice. That means for a 3-inch tree, the TPZ would extend 3-feet in all directions from the base of the trunk at ground level. Detailed information on TPZs and related topics is available at minimal cost from organizations like the International Society for Arboriculture.

One reason for confusion about tree damage from construction involves the dormancy of trees during winter. Another factor is that trees may not show symptoms of damage until 24-months or longer after damage has occurred. For that reason, persons uneducated in arboriculture science may not correlate the actual cause and resultant effect.

Various organizations, such as the International Society of Arboriculture, the British Standards Institute and the National Arborist Association (about 2007 renamed the Tree Industry Association), have long recognized the importance of construction activities that impact tree health. The impacts are important because they can result in monetary losses due to tree damage and resultant remediation or replacement costs, as well as violation of government ordinances or community or subdivision restrictions.

As a result, protocols for tree management prior to, during and after construction activities are well established, tested and refined. These basic steps are involved:

* Review of the construction plans
* Development of the related tree inventory
* Application of standard construction tree management protocols
* Assessment of potential for expected tree damages
* Development of a tree protection plan (providing for pre-, concurrent, and post construction damage prevention and remediation steps)
* Development of a tree protection plan
* Development of a remediation plan
* Implementation of tree protection zones (TPZ)
* Assessment of construction tree damage, post-construction
* Implementation of the remediation plan

The two major sources of tree damage are biotic (from living sources) and abiotic (from non-living sources). Biotic sources would include insects which might bore into the tree, deer which might rub bark off the trunk, or fungi, which might attach themselves to the tree.[32].

Abiotic sources include lightning, vehicles impacts, and construction activities. Construction activities can involve a number of damage sources, including grade changes that prevent aeration to roots, spills involving toxic chemicals such as cement or petroleum products, or severing of branches or roots.

Both damage sources can result in trees becoming dangerous, and the term "hazard trees" is commonly used by arborists, and industry groups such as power line operators. Hazard trees are trees which due to disease or other factors are more susceptible to falling during windstorms, or having parts of the tree fall.

The process of evaluating the danger a tree presents is based on a process called the Quantified Tree Risk Assessment.[33]

Assessment as to labeling a tree a hazard tree can be based on a field examination. Assessment as a result of construction activities that will damage a tree is based on three factors; severity, extent and duration. Severity relates usually to the degree of intrusion into the TPZ and resultant root loss. Extent is frequently a percentage of a factor such as canopy, roots or bark, and duration is normally based on time. Root severing is considered permanent in time.

Oldest trees

The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down or in cores taken from the edge to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees which produce growth rings, generally those which occur in seasonal climates; trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees which are solid to the center of the tree; many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays away. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually little better than guesswork or wild speculation. White (1998)[27] proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom through the correlation between a tree's stem diameter, growth character and age.

The verified oldest measured ages are:

1. Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Methuselah) Pinus longaeva: 4,844 years[28]
2. Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides: 3,622 years[28]
3. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 3,266 years[28]
4. Sugi Cryptomeria japonica: 3,000 years[29]
5. Huon-pine Lagarostrobos franklinii: 2,500 years[28]

Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew Taxus baccata (probably over 2,000 years[30][31]) and Western Redcedar Thuja plicata.

The oldest reported age for an angiosperm tree is 2293 years for the Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) planted in 288 BC at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; this is also the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date.

Largest trees
The coniferous Coast Redwood is the tallest tree species on earth.

The largest trees in total volume are those which are both tall and of large diameter, and in particular, which hold a large diameter high up the trunk. Measurement is very complex, particularly if branch volume is to be included as well as the trunk volume, so measurements have only been made for a small number of trees, and generally only for the trunk. No attempt has ever been made to include root volume. Measuring standards vary.

The top ten species measured so far are*:

1. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 1,487 m³ (52,508 cu ft), General Sherman[25]
2. Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens: 1,203 m³ (42,500 cu ft), Lost Monarch[17]
3. Montezuma Cypress Taxodium mucronatum: 750 m³ (25,000 cu ft), Árbol del Tule[26]
4. Western Redcedar Thuja plicata: 500 m³ (17,650 cu ft ), Quinault Lake Redcedar[25]
5. Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus globulus: 368 m³ (13,000 cu ft), Rullah Longatyle (Strong Girl, also Grieving Giant) [15]
6. Australian Mountain-ash Eucalyptus regnans: 360 m³ (12,714 cu ft), Arve Big Tree[15]
7. Coast Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 349 m³ (12,320 cu ft) Red Creek Tree
8. Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis 337 m³ (11,920 cu ft) Queets Spruce
9. Australian Oak Eucalyptus obliqua: 337 m³ (11,920 cu ft) Gothmog[15]
10. Alpine Ash Eucalyptus delegatensis: 286 m³ (10,100 cu ft), located in Styx River Valley[15]

(*)This list does not take into account now dead specimens.

Modern trends are to cite the tree's diameter rather than the circumference. Diameter of the tree is calculated by finding the medium diameter of the trunk, in most cases obtained by dividing the measured circumference by π; this assumes the trunk is mostly circular in cross-section (an oval or irregular cross-section would result in a mean diameter slightly greater than the assumed circle). Accurately measuring circumference or diameter is difficult in species with the large buttresses that are especially characteristic in many species of rainforest trees. Simple measurement of circumference of such trees can be misleading when the circumference includes much empty space between buttresses.

One further problem with measuring baobabs Adansonia is that these trees store large amounts of water in the very soft wood in their trunks. This leads to marked variation in their girth over the year (though not more than about 2.5%[21]), swelling to a maximum at the end of the rainy season, minimum at the end of the dry season.

The stoutest living single-trunk species in diameter are:

1. African Baobab Adansonia digitata: 15.9 m (52 ft), Glencoe Baobab (measured near the ground), Limpopo Province, South Africa.[22]. This tree split up in November 2009 and now the stoutest baobab could be Sunland Baobab (South Africa) with idealised diameter 10.64 m and correct circumference - 33.4 m.
2. Montezuma Cypress Taxodium mucronatum: 11.62 m (38.1 ft), Árbol del Tule, Santa Maria del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico.[23] Note though that this diameter includes buttressing; the actual idealised diameter of the area of its wood is 9.38 m (30.8 ft).[23]
3. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 8.85 m (29 ft), General Grant tree, Grant Grove, California, United States[24]
4. Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens: 7.9 m (25.9 ft), Lost Monarch Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, California, United States.
5. Australian Oak Eucalyptus obliqua: 6.72 m (22 ft)
6. Australian Mountain-ash Eucalyptus regnans: 6.52 m (21.4 ft), Big Foot
7. Western Redcedar Thuja plicata: 5.99 m (19.7 ft), Kalaloch Cedar, Olympic National Park
8. Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis: 5.39 m (17.7 ft), Quinalt Lake Spruce, Olympic National Park
9. Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides: 5.0 m (16.4 ft)

An additional problem lies in instances where multiple trunks (whether from an individual tree or multiple trees) grow together. The Sacred Fig is a notable example of this, forming additional 'trunks' by growing adventitious roots down from the branches, which then thicken up when the root reaches the ground to form new trunks; a single Sacred Fig tree can have hundreds of such trunks.[1]

As a general standard, tree girth is taken at 'breast height'. This is cited as dbh (diameter at breast height) in tree and forestry literature.[3][20] Breast height is defined differently in different situations, with most forestry measurements taking girth at 1.3 m above ground,[20] while those who measure ornamental trees usually measure at 1.5 m above ground;[3] in most cases this makes little difference to the measured girth. On sloping ground, the "above ground" reference point is usually taken as the highest point on the ground touching the trunk,[3][20] but some use the average between the highest and lowest points of ground[citation needed]. Some of the inflated old measurements may have been taken at ground level. Some past exaggerated measurements also result from measuring the complete next-to-bark measurement, pushing the tape in and out over every crevice and buttress.

Stoutest trees

The girth of a tree is usually much easier to measure than the height, as it is a simple matter of stretching a tape round the trunk, and pulling it taut to find the circumference. Despite this, UK tree author Alan Mitchell made the following comment about measurements of yew trees:
“ The aberrations of past measurements of yews are beyond belief. For example, the tree at Tisbury has a well-defined, clean, if irregular bole at least 1.5 m long. It has been found to have a girth which has dilated and shrunk in the following way: 11.28 m (1834 Loudon), 9.3 m (1892 Lowe), 10.67 m (1903 Elwes and Henry), 9.0 m (1924 E. Swanton), 9.45 m (1959 Mitchell). . . . Earlier measurements have therefore been omitted."

Tallest trees

The heights of the tallest trees in the world have been the subject of considerable dispute and much exaggeration. Modern verified measurements with laser rangefinders, other measuring devices, or with tape drop measurements made by tree climbers (such as those carried out by canopy researchers or members of groups like the U.S. Eastern Native Tree Society), have shown that some older measuring methods and measurements are often unreliable, sometimes producing exaggerations of 5% to 15% or more above the real height. Historical claims of trees growing to 130 m (427 ft), and even 150 m (492 ft), are now largely disregarded as unreliable, and attributed to human error. Historical records of fallen trees measured prostrate on the ground are considered to be somewhat more reliable. The following are now accepted as the top ten tallest reliably measured species:

1. Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens): 115.56 m (379.1 ft), Redwood National Park, California, United States[10]
2. Australian Mountain-ash (Eucalyptus regnans): 99.6 m (326.8 ft), south of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia[11]
3. Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): 99.4 m (326.1 ft), Brummit Creek, Coos County, Oregon, United States[12]
4. Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis): 96.7 m (317.3 ft), Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California, United States[13]
5. Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum): 94.9 m (311.4 ft), Redwood Mountain Grove, Kings Canyon National Park, California, United States[14]
6. Tasmanian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus): 90.7 m (297.6 ft), Tasmania, Australia[15]
7. Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis): 89 m (292 ft), Evercreech Forest Reserve, Tasmania, Australia[15]
8. Shorea faguetiana: 88.3 m (289.7 ft) Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo[16]
9. Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis): 87.9 m (288.4 ft), Tasmania, Australia[15]
10. Noble Fir (Abies procera): 87.5 m (287.1 ft) Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Washington, United States

The roots of a tree are generally embedded in earth, providing anchorage for the above-ground biomass and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. It should be noted, however, that while ground nutrients are essential to a tree's growth the majority of its biomass comes from carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere (see photosynthesis). Above ground, the trunk gives height to the leaf-bearing branches, aiding in competition with other plant species for sunlight. In many trees, the arrangement of the branches optimizes exposure of the leaves to sunlight.

Not all trees have all the plant organs or parts mentioned above. For example, most palm trees are not branched, the saguaro cactus of North America has no functional leaves, tree ferns do not produce bark, etc. Based on their general shape and size, all of these are nonetheless generally regarded as trees. A plant form that is similar to a tree, but generally having smaller, multiple trunks and/or branches that arise near the ground, is called a shrub. However, no precise differentiation between shrubs and trees is possible. Given their small size, bonsai plants would not technically be 'trees', but one should not confuse reference to the form of a species with the size or shape of individual specimens. A spruce seedling does not fit the definition of a tree, but all spruces are trees

The parts of a tree are the roots, trunk(s), branches, twigs and leaves. Tree stems consist mainly of support and transport tissues (xylem and phloem). Wood consists of xylem cells, and bark is made of phloem and other tissues external to the vascular cambium. Trees may be grouped into exogenous and endogenous trees according to the way in which their stem diameter increases. Exogenous trees, which comprise the great majority of trees (all conifers, and almost all broadleaf trees), grow by the addition of new wood outwards, immediately under the bark. Endogenous trees, mainly in the monocotyledons (e.g., palms and dragon trees), but also cacti, grow by addition of new material inwards.

As an exogenous tree grows, it creates growth rings as new wood is laid down concentrically over the old wood. In species growing in areas with seasonal climate changes, wood growth produced at different times of the year may be visible as alternating light and dark, or soft and hard, rings of wood.[3] In temperate climates, and tropical climates with a single wet-dry season alternation, the growth rings are annual, each pair of light and dark rings being one year of growth; these are known as annual rings. In areas with two wet and dry seasons each year, there may be two pairs of light and dark rings each year; and in some (mainly semi-desert regions with irregular rainfall), there may be a new growth ring with each rainfall.[9] In tropical rainforest regions, with constant year-round climate, growth is continuous and the growth rings are not visible nor is there a change in the wood texture. In species with annual rings, these rings can be counted to determine the age of the tree, and used to date cores or even wood taken from trees in the past, a practice is known as the science of dendrochronology. Very few tropical trees can be accurately aged in this manner. Age determination is also impossible in endogenous trees.

A tree is a plant form that occurs in many different orders and families of plants. Trees show a variety of growth forms, leaf type and shape, bark characteristics and reproductive organs.

The tree form has evolved separately in unrelated classes of plants, in response to similar environmental challenges, making it a classic example of parallel evolution. With an estimate of 100,000 tree species, the number of tree species worldwide might total 25 percent of all living plant species.[7] The majority of tree species grow in tropical regions of the world and many of these areas have not been surveyed yet by botanists, making species diversity and ranges poorly understood.[8]

The earliest trees were tree ferns, horsetails and lycophytes, which grew in forests in the Carboniferous Period; tree ferns still survive, but the only surviving horsetails and lycophytes are not of tree form. Later, in the Triassic Period, conifers, ginkgos, cycads and other gymnosperms appeared, and subsequently flowering plants in the Cretaceous Period. Most species of trees today are flowering plants (Angiosperms) and conifers. For the listing of examples of well-known trees and how they are classified, see List of tree genera.

A small group of trees growing together is called a grove or copse, and a landscape covered by a dense growth of trees is called a forest. Several biotopes are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them; examples are rainforest and taiga (see ecozones). A landscape of trees scattered or spaced across grassland (usually grazed or burned over periodically) is called a savanna. A forest of great age is called old growth forest or ancient woodland (in the UK). A young tree is called a sapling.

A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance.[1] A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m[2] to 6 m;[3] some authors set a minimum of 10 cm trunk diameter (30 cm girth).[4] Woody plants that do not meet these definitions by having multiple stems and/or small size, are called shrubs. Compared with most other plants, trees are long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old and growing to up to 115 m (379 ft) high.[5]

Trees are an important component of the natural landscape because of their prevention of erosion and the provision of a weather-sheltered ecosystem in and under their foliage. They also play an important role in producing oxygen and reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as moderating ground temperatures. They are also elements in landscaping and agriculture, both for their aesthetic appeal and their orchard crops (such as apples). Wood from trees is a building material, as well as a primary energy source in many developing countries. Trees also play a role in many of the world's mythologies (see trees in mythology)

* Flora of Borneo
The flora of Borneo include 15 species of dicot tree , 37 species of non-tree dicot and 49 species of monocot endemic to the rich forest ...
514 B (67 words) - 03:38, 26 May 2009
* Anthony Lamb
Anthony L. Lamb M.A., Dip. Ag., D.T.A. is a British botanist , born in Sri Lanka , and specialising in the flora of Borneo . ...
1 KB (177 words) - 02:41, 9 March 2010
* Johannes Gottfried Hallier
He published several works on the botany of the Dutch East Indies , including treatises on the flora of Borneo . From 1908 to 1922, ...
2 KB (268 words) - 11:53, 2 August 2009
* Crocker Range National Park
The park consists of both hill and montane forest, with many species of flora and fauna endemic to Borneo. Maintenance of this forest ...
2 KB (260 words) - 14:27, 11 August 2009
* Willughbeia
my/forweb/ourfor/flora/wftrees/wftrees. ... In northern Borneo there are at least three edible species of Willughbeia known to the natives, ...
2 KB (204 words) - 04:52, 13 January 2010
* Drosera spatulata
bakoensis, was described from Bako National Park in Sarawak , Borneo ... Flora of China Category:Flora of Japan Category:Biota of Hong Kong ...
6 KB (711 words) - 11:47, 8 April 2010
* Santol (fruit)
Borneo , Indonesia , the Moluccas , Mauritius , and the Philippines ... Category:Fruit Category:Flora of the Philippines Category:Flora of Laos ...
5 KB (703 words) - 20:48, 24 January 2010
* Utricularia punctata
U. punctata is native to Borneo , Burma , China , Peninsular ... Category:Carnivorous plants of Asia Category:Flora of Borneo Category:Flora of ...
1 KB (126 words) - 01:38, 7 December 2009
* Absolmsia
classified in Apocynaceae , of two species, native to Southwest of China and Borneo . ... Category:Apocynaceae Category:Flora of Borneo ...
1 KB (123 words) - 02:19, 15 December 2008
* Ampelocissus winkleri
woody climbing vine , or liana in the Grape family native to the island of Borneo . ... Flora of Borneo Category:Flora of Malaysia Category: ...
2 KB (164 words) - 10:41, 27 November 2009
* Citrus halimii
Category:Citrus Category:Plants described in 1973 Category:Fruits originating in Asia Category:Flora of Borneo Category:Flora of Indonesia ...
2 KB (314 words) - 05:59, 13 April 2010
* Tasmannia
native to Australia , New Guinea , Celebes , Borneo , and Philippines . associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the southern hemisphere. ...
6 KB (695 words) - 18:34, 10 January 2010
* Wildlife Conservation Enactment
regional piece of legislation enforced only in the state of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo . species of fauna and flora in the region as ...
751 B (96 words) - 10:20, 22 February 2010
* Nepenthes burbidgeae
Kinabalu and neighbouring Mount Tambuyukon in Sabah , Borneo limit 2 ... External links : On the flora of Mount Kinabalu, in North Borneo. ...
28 KB (3,703 words) - 15:52, 18 March 2010
* Nepenthaceae (monograph)
Herbarium of the Netherlands as the fifteenth volume of the Flora Malesiana series. authors' field observations in Borneo , New Guinea , ...
2 KB (257 words) - 23:49, 13 March 2010
* Maclurodendron
External links : http://flora. huh. harvard. ... net/borneo/delta/Itemscan/maclur. gif Twig and leaf illustration of Maclurodendron porteri ...
2 KB (227 words) - 07:53, 2 October 2008
* Nepenthes northiana
endemic to Borneo , where it grows at elevations ranging from 0 to 500 m above sea level. ... Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van ...
26 KB (3,433 words) - 00:53, 8 March 2010
* Meratus Mountains
mountain range in the Indonesia n province of South Kalimantan , on Borneo island. ... including many flora and fauna species are endangered. ...
1 KB (187 words) - 18:06, 12 April 2010
* Malesia
based on a shared tropical flora derived mostly from Asia but also ... Java , Bali , and Borneo , shares the large mammal fauna of Asia and ...
2 KB (288 words) - 00:20, 29 March 2010
* Philippines (section Flora and fauna)
The Sulu Sea to the southwest separates it from the island of Borneo and to the south the ... Flora and fauna: Ecoregions in the Philippines ...
127 KB (15,987 words) - 14:00, 14 April 2010

Order: Insectivora

* Echinosorex gymnurus: Moonrat. Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
* Hylomys suillus: Lesser gymnure. China, Myanmar, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak.
* Suncus murinus: House shrew. Africa, Asia, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
* Suncus ater: Black shrew. Endemic to Borneo; known only from Gunong Kinabalu
* Suncus etruscus: Savi's pigmy shrew. Europe, Africa, Asia; Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sabah and Sarawak.
* Crocidura monticola: Sunda shrew. Java, Lombok, Sumba and Flores; Malay Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
* Crocidura fuliginosa: South-east Asia white-toothed shrew. India, Indochina, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan.
* Chimarrogale himalayica: Himalayan water shrew. Himalaya, south China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Sumatra and Sabah.

[edit] Order: Scandentia

* Ptilocercus lowii Pentail treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia glis Common treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia splendidula Ruddy treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia montana Mountain tree shrew. Local name is tupai gunung CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia minor Lesser treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia gracilis Slender treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia picta Painted treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia dorsails Striped treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Tupaia tana Large treeshrew. CITES Appendix II
* Dendrogale melanura Smooth-tailed treeshrew. CITES Appendix II

The high diversity and endemicity of mammals is related to the many niches found in the tropical rain forest of Borneo and past Pleistocene events within the Sundaland region. During interglacial and post-glacial periods, there was migration of animal from the Asian mainland into Borneo and into Sulawesi via the Philippines. Due to lack of favourable habitats and small founder population, some species of animals have become extinct and others have radiated into endemic species. For example, in Holocene times, ancient anteater (Manis palaeojavanica), panther (Panthera sp) and tapir (Tapirus indicus) became locally extinct in Borneo. Of the 57 mammal species that were identified from archaeological remains in the Niah Caves, Sarawak, 13 were bats. Four of these were megachiropterans, Pteropus vampyrus, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Rousettus sp and Eonycteris spelaea, all of which remain extant species in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. The provisional list of mammals of Borneo (sensu Lord Medway, Payne et al., Corbet and Hill, Koopman, and Wilson and Reeder) are listed in the table below. There are various conflicts in the taxonomic lists by previous authors which need further field research for validation.

There are over 30 Dayak sub-ethnic groups living in Borneo, making the population of this island one of the most varied of human social groups.[citation needed] Some sub-ethnicities are now represented by only 30-100 individuals and are threatened with extinction. Ancestral knowledge of ethnobotany and ethnozoology is useful in drug discovery (for example, bintangor plant for AIDS) or as future alternative food sources (such as sago starch for lactic acid production and sago maggots as a protein source). Certain indigenous Dayak people (such as the Kayan, Kenyah, Punan Bah and Penan) living on the island have been struggling for decades for their right to preserve their environment from loggers and transmigrant settlers and colonists.

Kalimantan was the focus for an intense transmigration program that financed the relocation of poor landless families from Java, Madura, and Bali. In 2000, transmigrants made up 21% of the population in Central Kalimantan.[15] Since the 1990s, violent conflict has occurred between some transmigrant and indigenous populations; in Kalimantan, thousands were killed in fighting between Madurese transmigrants and the indigenous Dayak people.

Borneo has 15,721,384 inhabitants (January 2005) and thus a population density of 16 inhabitants per square km. The population lives mainly on the coast, furthermore in the cities. The hinterland is occupied at most in small towns and villages along the rivers. The population consists mainly of Malays, Chinese and Dayak ethnic groups. The Chinese, who make up 29% of the population of Sarawak and 17% of total population in West Kalimantan,[13] originally migrated from southeastern China.[14] The majority of the population in Kalimantan is either Muslim or practice animism. Approximately 15% of the Dayak are Christian, a religion introduced by missionaries in the 19th Century. In Central Kalimantan there is also a small Hindu minority. In the interior of Borneo are also the Penan, some of who still practice a nomadic hunter-gatherer existence. In some coastal areas of marginal settlements are also found Bajau, who were historically associated with a sea-oriented, boat-dwelling, nomadic existence. In the northwest of Borneo, the Dayak ethnic group is represented by the Iban with about 710,000 members.

The island historically had extensive rainforest cover, but the area shrank rapidly due to heavy logging for the needs of the Malaysian plywood industry. Two forestry researchers of Sepilok Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah in the early '80s identified four fast-growing hardwoods and a breakthrough on seed collection and handling of Acacia mangium and Gmelina arborea, a fast growing tropical trees were planted on huge tract of formerly logged and deforested areas primarily in the northern part of Borneo Island. Half of the annual global tropical timber acquisition comes from Borneo. Furthermore, Palm oil plantations are rapidly encroaching on the last remnants of primary rainforest. The rainforest was also greatly destroyed from the forest fires of 1997 to 1998, which were started by the locals to clear the forests for crops and perpetuated by an exceptionally dry El Niño season during that period. During the great fire, hotspots could be seen on satellite images and the haze thus created affected the surrounding countries of Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. In February 2008, the Malaysian government announced the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy plan[12] to harvest the virgin hinterlands of Northern Borneo. Further deforestation and destruction of the biodiversity are anticipated in the wake of logging commissions, hydroelectric dams and other mining of minerals and resources.

In order to combat overpopulation and AIDS in Java, the Indonesian government started a massive transmigration (transmigrasi) of poor farmers and landless peasants into Borneo in the 70's and 80's, to farm the logged areas, albeit with little success as the fertility of the land has been removed with the trees and what soil remains is washed away in tropical downpours

The World Wildlife Fund divides the island into seven distinct ecoregions. The Borneo lowland rain forests cover most of the island, with an area of 427,500 square kilometres (165,100 sq mi). Other lowland ecoregions are the Borneo peat swamp forests, the Kerangas or Sundaland heath forests, the Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and the Sunda Shelf mangroves. The Borneo mountain rain forests lie in the central highlands of the island, above the 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) elevation. The highest elevations of Mount Kinabalu are home to the Kinabalu mountain alpine meadow, an alpine shrubland notable for its numerous endemic species, including many orchids.

Borneo is very rich in biodiversity compared to many other areas (MacKinnon et al. 1998). There are about 15,000 species of flowering plants with 3,000 species of trees (267 species are dipterocarps), 221 species of terrestrial mammals and 420 species of resident birds in Borneo (MacKinnon et al. 1998). It is also the centre of evolution and radiation of many endemic species of plants and animals. The remaining Borneo rainforest is one of the only remaining natural habitat for the endangered Bornean Orangutan. It is also an important refuge for many endemic forest species, as the Asian Elephant, the Sumatran Rhinoceros, the Bornean Clouded Leopard, and the Dayak Fruit Bat. It is one of the most biodiverse places on earth. The World Wildlife Fund has stated that 361 animal and plant species have been discovered in Borneo since 1996, underscoring its unparalleled biodiversity.[11] In the 18 month period from July 2005 until December 2006, another 52 new species were found.

Fish

There are 394 species of freshwater fish and 149 are endemic to Borneo.
[edit] Amphibians
Frog

There are 100 species of amphibians.

One notable species is the Bornean Flat-headed Frog, Barbourula kalimantanensis. (Not the frog pictured to the right). This frog, found in cold, fast-flowing mountain streams, is the only known lungless frog.[1]
[edit] Reptilians
Lizard

105 species of lizards, in 35 genera from nine families, are now known from Borneo. The reticutaled python is the biggest python in the world, and the longest snake in the world. This reptile can have a size of 9 m or more. The longer snakes have a size of ten meters.
[edit] Birds
Kingfisher

There are about 600 species of birds and 37 are endemic to Borneo
[edit] Mammals
Rhinolophus arcuatus

The historical records of European association with Borneo and its fauna were compiled by Lord Medway that was published in 1977 by the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. There are 288 species of terrestrial mammals in Borneo which is dominated by the chiroptera (102 species of bats) and rodentia (61 species of rats and mice), and 44 species are endemic to the island. Taxonomic list of species are found in the Mammals of Borneo.

Acceptance of Sub-Province aid as referred to [at] Section 2 sentence ( 1) letter of b, covering earnings steming from :

a. part of acquirement of retribution and Iease ;

b. part of fund of monetary counter balance [of] area and center accepted by government of Sub-Province.

Earnings of countryside genuiness as referred to [at] Section 2 sentence ( 1) letter of e, representing good countryside loan with guarantee of agunan countryside asset and also on trust for the sake of payment of program development of countryside

HALTED. CROSSING PARAGRAPH LIMITATION ;

Earnings of countryside genuiness as referred to [at] Section 2 sentence ( 1) letter a. Covering earnings steming from :

a. result of effort countryside ;

b. result of properties of countryside ;

c. self-supporting result and participation.

d. result of mutual assistance ; and.

e. others earnings of valid countryside genuiness.

Local Government or referred [as] [by] Government of Sub-Province, [is] Government Of Sub-Province of Kutai East ; Regional Leader or referred [as] [by] Regent, [is] Regent Sub-Province of Kutai East ; Countryside, [is] a[n unity of law society having formation pursuant to genesis rights having the character of special [in] Sub-Province environment of Kutai East ; Governmental [of] Countryside [is] Head Countryside and [his/its] Peripheral [in] Sub-Province of Kutai East Body Delegation of brief [by] Countryside [of] BPD, [is] Body Delegation of Countryside as is Legislative [of] Countryside placing Countryside society aspiration and observe management of Pemerintahaan Countryside [in] Sub-Province environment of Kutai East ; Properties of Countryside, [is] properties in form of movable goods and unmovable goods as source of production to Countryside [in] Sub-Province environment of Kutai East; Self-Supporting [of] society [is] society group kemampuansuatu wittingly and initiative alone perform [a] ichtiar toward accomplishment of requirement short-range and also long-range which felt in society group [in] Sub-Province of Kutai East; Mutual Assistance [is] countryside citizen cooperation form or between off the cuff countryside and institute and also contain reciprocal elements which have the character of voluntary with Government of Countryside to fulfill requirement which [is] and also insidentil have continuation [to] in order to improving prosperity with [in] Sub-Province of Kutai East ; Collection, [is] all good collection in form of object and also money or goods [done/conducted] by Government of Countryside pursuant to consideration of ability of economic sosisal [of] society [in] specified countryside [pass/through] Regulation of Countryside in order to make-up of management of Government of countryside and development of countryside [in] Sub-Province of Kutai East; Observation Of Source Earnings of Countryside and properties of countryside of[is hereinafter referred to as observation [is] inspection [done/conducted] by Body Delegation of Countryside in order to management of governance better [in] Sub-Province of Kutai East ; Result of Effort Countryside, [is] obtained acceptance from effort direct of acquirement

Forming of Countryside [is] to action perform [a] new Countryside [is] existing Countrysides region ;

Abolition of Countryside action negate existing Countryside ;

Merger of Countryside [is] penmyatuan two Countryside or more becoming one new Countryside ;

Preparation countryside [is] new Countryside [is] Countryside region as result of resolving to be improved to become selfsupporting Countryside.

Area or referred [as] [by] Sub-Province, [is] Sub-Province of Kutai East.

Government of Countryside [is] activity of governance executed by government of Countryside and Body Delegation of Countryside ;

Government of Countryside [is] Head Countryside and Peripheral of Countryside

Body Delegation of Countryside of[is hereinafter referred to as BPD [is] delegation body of functioning Countryside society citizen [of] mores mengayomi, making regulation of Countryside, accomodating and channelling society aspiration and also [do/conduct] observation to management of government of Countryside ;

Ministrant duty [is] assignation of Local Government to Countryside to execute certain duty which accompanied [by] pembiyaan, facilities and basic facilities and also human resource with obligation report its execution and response to assigning [it] ;

Rural Area [is] area having especial activity [is] including management of natural resources, with area function formation as place settlement of peDesaan, governmental service activities, social services and economic activity ;

In this such By Law with :

Countryside [is] unity of law society owning and region of kewenangan to arrange and manage importance of local society pursuant to local mores and asal-usul which confessed in system Governance of National and reside in sub-province area;

District [is] region work Sub-Regency chief as peripheral of Area Sub-Province and Area Town;

This time plan pemekaran have seen to mature where there are commission of pemekaran or of secretariat pemekaran having [its] office [in] samarinda, precisely [in] elephant road;street of mada the near by morning market. [Do] not difficult to find its address remain just dating to morning market and there [is] a ruko old ones and there [is] big name nameboard [of] bertulisan “ KPK” to enthusiastic contribute idea of unutk pemekaran of sub-province of kutai poetry please just dating to address [of] unutk discuse, Pemekaran very required in development [in] Kalimantan east because big regional luasan and accretion of resident amount which fast progressively. Problem of natural sumberdaya also become interesting topic because each;every area of mempuyai characteristic of sumberdaya natural which different each other

If dihat of facet of geografi sub-province of kutai poetry abut on sub-province of berau northside, sub-province of kutai east of sebebeh east, sub-province of kutai kertanegara northside and west. This sub-province consisting of 8 district of luasan mempuyai masing masing that is estuary of bengkal [about/around] 1.562.000 square Km, estuary of ancalaong [about/around] 3.241.000 square km, busang 3.721.000 square km, wahau [about/around] 5.724.000 square km, telen [about/around] 3.129.000 square km, konbeng [about/around] 581.000 square km and stone of ampar [about/around] 459.000 square km.

discourse of Pemekaran have been long enough remained decision menungu of center. A lot need to be prepared in order to pemekaran of other anatra [of] human being sumberdaya, management of natural sumberdaya, and development of infrastructure a sub-province.

Empire of kutai represent empire of first hindu in Indonesia, this empire [of] berasala of tribe of kutai exist in Kalimantan east Capital of this empire that is estuary of Kaman later;then move to tengarong [in] river of Mahakam. Many inscription of this missing empire [of] colonization moment goodness and also after independence according to information a lot [is] brought out country by colonization of belanda and there are some important inscription or document [in] State of belanda.

Poetry Kutai or of kutai north represent sub-province plan pemekaran [in] sub-province of kutai east, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Sub-Province consist of 8 district that is :

1. Muarabengkal.

2. estuary of Ancalong.

3. Masangat Long.

4. Busang.

5. stone of Ampar.

6. Telen.

7. estuary of Wahau.

8. Konbeng.

Kutai merupakan suku bangsa dari pedalaman Kalimantan Timur, keberadaan mereka semenjak adanya kerajaan kutai di sebagai kerajaan hindu pertama di Indonesia.
Suku kutai tidak mau disamakan dengan suku dayak karena dari dasar keturunan mereka bukan serumpun dengan orang dayak. Bahasa kutai kebanyakan sama dengan bahasa melayu sedangkan dayak budayanya bukan melayu, jadi jangan salah lagi orang kutai bukan dayak. Kutai ada suku pertama di Kalimantan senelum ada pendatang baik dari banjar, bugis dayak, jawa. dan suku lain