Borneo of Kutai

* Kinabalu
Kinabalu may refer to any of several Malaysian geographical names: Kota Kinabalu , the capital of the Malaysian state of Sabah. ...
301 B (37 words) - 05:15, 21 April 2009
* Mount Kinabalu
Mount Kinabalu (Gunung Kinabalu) is a prominent mountain in Southeast Asia . It is located in Kinabalu National Park (a World Heritage ...
16 KB (2,341 words) - 08:59, 13 April 2010
* Kinabalu National Park
Kinabalu National Park or Taman Negara Kinabalu in Malay , established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is ...
5 KB (686 words) - 12:51, 28 February 2010
* Kota Kinabalu
Kota Kinabalu (ˈkɔtɑ kɪnɑbɑlʊ; 亚庇, formerly Jesselton, is the capital of Sabah state in Malaysia . It is also the capital of the West ...
52 KB (7,798 words) - 20:03, 5 April 2010
* Kota Kinabalu International Airport
Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) BKI | WBKK serves the city of Kota Kinabalu , the state capital of Sabah , Malaysia . ...
18 KB (2,406 words) - 13:45, 12 April 2010
* Kinabalu giant red leech
The Kinabalu giant red leech is a large (≤30 cm long) bright orange-red coloured leech that is endemic to Mount Kinabalu , Borneo . ...
2 KB (251 words) - 08:35, 24 April 2008
* Kinabalu giant earthworm
The Kinabalu giant earthworm, Pheretima darnleiensis, is a grey-blue coloured peregrine annelid native to Mount Kinabalu , Borneo and ...
2 KB (225 words) - 03:50, 31 May 2009
* Kinabalu Squirrel
The Kinabalu Squirrel (Callosciurus baluensis) is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family. It is endemic to Malaysia . References ...
1 KB (118 words) - 23:49, 26 January 2010
* Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu
Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu (DBKK) or Kota Kinabalu City Hall is the city council which administers the city and district of Kota ...
1 KB (165 words) - 18:44, 18 August 2009
* Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre
Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre is the only remains of 24 hectares of mangrove forest that once existed extensively along the coastal region of ...
5 KB (651 words) - 18:12, 18 August 2009
* Kinabalu Horned Frog
The Kinabalu Horned Frog (Xenophrys baluensis) is a species of amphibian in the Megophryidae family. It is endemic to Malaysia . ...
1 KB (110 words) - 01:45, 23 May 2008
* La Salle Secondary School, Kota Kinabalu
La Salle School, Kota Kinabalu (Malay : Sekolah Menengah La Salle Kota Kinabalu) is a co-educational secondary school for boys and girls ...
7 KB (1,017 words) - 00:13, 15 March 2010
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kota Kinabalu (Lat: Archdioecesis Kotakinabaluensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman ...
3 KB (344 words) - 04:21, 25 August 2009
* Kota Kinabalu City Mosque
The Kota Kinabalu City Mosque is the second main mosque in Kota Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia after State Mosque . Kota Kinabalu as city status. ...
607 B (58 words) - 13:42, 17 December 2009
* Nepenthes × kinabaluensis (redirect from Kinabalu Pitcher-Plant)
or the Kinabalu Pitcher-Plant is the natural hybrid between N. rajah and N. villosa . Kambarangoh on Mount Kinabalu , Borneo by Lilian ...
6 KB (829 words) - 22:50, 24 March 2010
* Kota Kinabalu West Coast Parkway
Kota Kinabalu West Coast Parkway or Lebuhraya Pantai Barat Kota Kinabalu is a major highway in Kota Kinabalu city, Sabah , Malaysia ...
2 KB (177 words) - 21:18, 20 March 2010
* Bornean Leafbird (redirect from Kinabalu Leafbird)
The Bornean Leafbird (Chloropsis kinabaluensis), also known as the Kinabalu Leafbird, is a species of bird in the Chloropseidae family. ...
2 KB (199 words) - 20:19, 13 October 2009
* Layang-Layang (Mount Kinabalu)
Layang-Layang (Dusun for Place of Swallows) is the name of an area of Mount Kinabalu , Sabah , Malaysia , where the Mesilau Trail meets ...
313 B (34 words) - 06:56, 3 November 2009
* Sabah
The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu , formerly known as Jesselton . Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah ...
53 KB (7,470 words) - 23:07, 14 April 2010
* Kuala Lumpur Inner Ring Road (redirect from Jalan Kinabalu)
(Jalan Shaw) and Federal Route 1 (Jalan Kuching, Jalan Sultan Hisamuddin (Victory Avenue), Jalan Kinabalu and Jalan Maharajalela (Jalan Birch). ...
15 KB (1,245 words) - 21:15, 20 March 2010

Studies have shown that trees contribute as much as 27% of the appraised land value in certain markets.[36]
Basic tree values (varies by region)[37] diameter
(inches) value
(1985 US$)
10 $1,729
14 $3,388
18 $5,588
26 $11,682
30 $15,554

These most likely use diameter measured at breast height, 4.5 feet (140 cm) above ground—not the larger base diameter. A general model for any year and diameter is Value = 17.27939*( diameter ^2)*1.022^( year -1985) assuming 2.2% inflation per year.[38] (Note, the right side of this equation is written to paste into Excel or Google to perform the calculation.) Extrapolations from any model can cause problems, so tree value estimates for diameters larger than 30 inches might have to be capped so trees do not not exceed 27% of the total appraised property value.

International standards are uniform in analyzing damage potential and sizing TPZs (tree protection zones) to minimize damage. For mature to fully mature trees, the accepted TPZ comprises a 1.5-foot set-off for every 1-inch diameter of trunk. That means for a 10-inch tree, the TPZ would extend 15-feet in all directions from the base of the trunk at ground level.

For young/small trees with minimal crowns (and trunks less than 4-inches in diameter) a TPZ equal to 1-foot for every inch of trunk diameter may suffice. That means for a 3-inch tree, the TPZ would extend 3-feet in all directions from the base of the trunk at ground level. Detailed information on TPZs and related topics is available at minimal cost from organizations like the International Society for Arboriculture.

One reason for confusion about tree damage from construction involves the dormancy of trees during winter. Another factor is that trees may not show symptoms of damage until 24-months or longer after damage has occurred. For that reason, persons uneducated in arboriculture science may not correlate the actual cause and resultant effect.

Various organizations, such as the International Society of Arboriculture, the British Standards Institute and the National Arborist Association (about 2007 renamed the Tree Industry Association), have long recognized the importance of construction activities that impact tree health. The impacts are important because they can result in monetary losses due to tree damage and resultant remediation or replacement costs, as well as violation of government ordinances or community or subdivision restrictions.

As a result, protocols for tree management prior to, during and after construction activities are well established, tested and refined. These basic steps are involved:

* Review of the construction plans
* Development of the related tree inventory
* Application of standard construction tree management protocols
* Assessment of potential for expected tree damages
* Development of a tree protection plan (providing for pre-, concurrent, and post construction damage prevention and remediation steps)
* Development of a tree protection plan
* Development of a remediation plan
* Implementation of tree protection zones (TPZ)
* Assessment of construction tree damage, post-construction
* Implementation of the remediation plan

The two major sources of tree damage are biotic (from living sources) and abiotic (from non-living sources). Biotic sources would include insects which might bore into the tree, deer which might rub bark off the trunk, or fungi, which might attach themselves to the tree.[32].

Abiotic sources include lightning, vehicles impacts, and construction activities. Construction activities can involve a number of damage sources, including grade changes that prevent aeration to roots, spills involving toxic chemicals such as cement or petroleum products, or severing of branches or roots.

Both damage sources can result in trees becoming dangerous, and the term "hazard trees" is commonly used by arborists, and industry groups such as power line operators. Hazard trees are trees which due to disease or other factors are more susceptible to falling during windstorms, or having parts of the tree fall.

The process of evaluating the danger a tree presents is based on a process called the Quantified Tree Risk Assessment.[33]

Assessment as to labeling a tree a hazard tree can be based on a field examination. Assessment as a result of construction activities that will damage a tree is based on three factors; severity, extent and duration. Severity relates usually to the degree of intrusion into the TPZ and resultant root loss. Extent is frequently a percentage of a factor such as canopy, roots or bark, and duration is normally based on time. Root severing is considered permanent in time.

Oldest trees

The oldest trees are determined by growth rings, which can be seen if the tree is cut down or in cores taken from the edge to the center of the tree. Accurate determination is only possible for trees which produce growth rings, generally those which occur in seasonal climates; trees in uniform non-seasonal tropical climates grow continuously and do not have distinct growth rings. It is also only possible for trees which are solid to the center of the tree; many very old trees become hollow as the dead heartwood decays away. For some of these species, age estimates have been made on the basis of extrapolating current growth rates, but the results are usually little better than guesswork or wild speculation. White (1998)[27] proposes a method of estimating the age of large and veteran trees in the United Kingdom through the correlation between a tree's stem diameter, growth character and age.

The verified oldest measured ages are:

1. Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Methuselah) Pinus longaeva: 4,844 years[28]
2. Alerce Fitzroya cupressoides: 3,622 years[28]
3. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 3,266 years[28]
4. Sugi Cryptomeria japonica: 3,000 years[29]
5. Huon-pine Lagarostrobos franklinii: 2,500 years[28]

Other species suspected of reaching exceptional age include European Yew Taxus baccata (probably over 2,000 years[30][31]) and Western Redcedar Thuja plicata.

The oldest reported age for an angiosperm tree is 2293 years for the Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) planted in 288 BC at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; this is also the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date.

Largest trees
The coniferous Coast Redwood is the tallest tree species on earth.

The largest trees in total volume are those which are both tall and of large diameter, and in particular, which hold a large diameter high up the trunk. Measurement is very complex, particularly if branch volume is to be included as well as the trunk volume, so measurements have only been made for a small number of trees, and generally only for the trunk. No attempt has ever been made to include root volume. Measuring standards vary.

The top ten species measured so far are*:

1. Giant Sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum: 1,487 m³ (52,508 cu ft), General Sherman[25]
2. Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens: 1,203 m³ (42,500 cu ft), Lost Monarch[17]
3. Montezuma Cypress Taxodium mucronatum: 750 m³ (25,000 cu ft), Árbol del Tule[26]
4. Western Redcedar Thuja plicata: 500 m³ (17,650 cu ft ), Quinault Lake Redcedar[25]
5. Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus globulus: 368 m³ (13,000 cu ft), Rullah Longatyle (Strong Girl, also Grieving Giant) [15]
6. Australian Mountain-ash Eucalyptus regnans: 360 m³ (12,714 cu ft), Arve Big Tree[15]
7. Coast Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 349 m³ (12,320 cu ft) Red Creek Tree
8. Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis 337 m³ (11,920 cu ft) Queets Spruce
9. Australian Oak Eucalyptus obliqua: 337 m³ (11,920 cu ft) Gothmog[15]
10. Alpine Ash Eucalyptus delegatensis: 286 m³ (10,100 cu ft), located in Styx River Valley[15]

(*)This list does not take into account now dead specimens.